GUM TURPENTINE AND DERIVATIVES

Methods of obtaining turpentine;
1-Distillation of resin leaked by injury to a living tree trunk.
2-Chipping and extraction or distillation of various parts of the tree with a solvent.
3-Fractionation of turpentine from among the products obtained by Decarbonization (destructive distillation) of various parts of the tree.
The main components of turpentine are pinenes, which have a lot of reactivity. These are bicyclic terpenes that can easily undergo condensation or conversion reactions. They tend to form monocyclic and tricyclic terpenes under acidic conditions or turn into bicyclic terpenes in different ring systems by translation. If there is water or other hydroxyl-containing compounds in the environment, monocyclic terpenes are obtained by reactions to join a double bond when opened to the public. The alpha pinene ring can also be thermally opened, and open-chain terpenes are formed with dipentene.
Α-pinene, which has the lowest boiling point and is the most abundant component of turpentine, is used in the production of synthetic pine-oil, which consists of a mixture of terpene alcohols, the most important component of which is α-terpineol. About 80-85% of the pine-oil produced today is a synthetic product obtained by hydration of α-pine with dilute mineral acids. The remaining 15-20%, called natural pine-oil, is produced by fractionation of sulfate turpentine and turpentine obtained from trunk wood. Pine-oil is widely used in disinfectants, cleaning agents and detergents due to its antibacterial effect, pine-like smell, stability of its smell and low price. It is also widely used in textile production, mineral flotation.
The second most common place of use of α-Pine is the production of camphene. Camphene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide used in the production of toxaphene and isobornylacetate used in the perfuming of soaps and detergents. Apart from these, dipentene, which is used in the construction of various glues, in the construction of chewing gum as a basic component, in the reclamation of rubber as a solvent and in the construction of polyterpene 3 resins as a raw material, also occupies an important place in the use of α-pinene. And there is a significant competition between Decoctions produced from petroleum and turpentine in these areas. α-Pinene is also used as an exit agent in the composition of various fragrances and perfumes containing linalool, which is the main component of some natural and synthetic essential oils and has a wide use in perfumery with its floral fragrance. Odorants and flavoring substances are composed of complex mixtures of volatile compounds with different functional groups. Studies with these compounds have been focused on GC and GC-MS analyses for many years and aimed at making an inventory of the components of these mixtures. In recent years, studies have focused on the elucidation of the stereochemical structures of sensory active components associated with sensory perception, as biogenesis and biotechnological syntheses have become more important. The most preferred analysis method is gas chromatography because it provides high discrimination for such analyses in volatile compounds, it is suitable for determining the enantiomeric composition in complex substances, it is suitable for determining compounds with a very low odor threshold. There are two methods for the analysis of enantiomeric compounds in gas chromatography:
Beta-pinene, which is found in the composition of turpentine, undergoes similar reactions to form camphene and pine-oil, just like α-pinene. 
The main areas of use for beta-pinene are the production of fragrances and flavorings, some vitamins and terpene resins. Beta-pinene is also used in the production of many compounds such as myrcene, limonene, dipentene.
The origin of the term terpene comes from turpentine.Hydrocarbon and resin acids are formed in turpentine, and this word means pine resin.
Terpenes are found in plant tissues in combination with proteins, as glycosides or organic esters, and mostly in a free state. The Decarbonization number of terpenes is between 10-15. High amounts of water vapor are separated from the plant by distillation, while those containing carbon are separated by extraction method. Terpenes are stored in resin cells, channels and parenchyma cells located in the xylem and phloem. Terpenes are secreted by epithelial cells.
Usage: Plants containing terpenes are used as medicines in alternative medicine. Because they have antiparosidic, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihyperglycemic effect. Essential oils are used in the food industry, aroma therapy and perfumes.